Evaluación del rendimiento de Capsicum chinense (jacq.) en Chiapas mediante diferentes estrategias de fertilización inorgánica
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Publicado:
Apr 20, 2024
Palabras clave:
estrategias ambientales, fertilización enterrada en bandas, macronutrientes, nutrición vegetal
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Resumen
El objetivo fue evaluar la influencia de diferentes técnicas y niveles de fertilización inorgánica sobre la tasa de crecimiento y rendimiento de Capsicum chinense cultivado en campo. Los tratamientos incluyeron un testigo absoluto (TA), fertilización al voleo al 100% (FV100), fertilización enterrada en bandas al 50% (FEB50) y fertilización enterrada en bandas al 100% (FEB100). La FEB100 aumentó la longitud de la raíz en un 11,4%, el grosor del tallo un 14,3% y la altura hasta un 17,1%. Para las variables de calidad, la FEB100 incrementó los diámetros ecuatoriales (20%) y polar de frutos (20,1%), el número de frutos (199,4%) y el rendimiento (250%). Las variables correlacionadas con el rendimiento fueron la longitud de la raíz y el número de frutos. La fertilización enterrada en bandas promovió el crecimiento y rendimiento de C. chinense debido a la disposición de los fertilizantes cerca de la raíz.
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Ramírez RamírezR., Ruíz AguilarM. Y., López LópezH., García SánchezA. N., & López LópezG. F. (2024). Evaluación del rendimiento de Capsicum chinense (jacq.) en Chiapas mediante diferentes estrategias de fertilización inorgánica. Cub@: Medio Ambiente Y Desarrollo, 24, https://cu-id.com/1961/v24e07. Recuperado a partir de https://cmad.ama.cu/index.php/cmad/article/view/368
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Albarran, C. B. A., Gonzalez, T. B., & Solis, M. E. (2018). Mayor ganancia con Agricultura de Conservacion en Irapuato, Guanajuato. EnlACe, la revista de la Agricultura de conservacion, 45, 16–19. https://hdl.handle.net/10883/20166
Ashitha, A., Rakhimol, K. R., & Mathew, J. (2021). Fate of the conventional fertilizers in environment. En F. B. Lewu, T. Volova, S. Tomas, & K. R. Rakhimol (Eds.), Controlled Release Fertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture (pp. 25–39). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819555-0.00002-9
Barik, S., Ponnam, N., C. Reddy, A., Lakshmana, L. R., Saha, K., Acharya, G. C., & Madhavi Reddy, K. (2022). Breeding peppers for industrial uses: Progress and prospects. Industrial Crops and Products, 178, 114626. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INDCROP.2022.114626
Blandino, M., Battisti, M., Vanara, F., & Reyneri, A. (2022). The synergistic effect of nitrogen and phosphorus starter fertilization sub-surface banded at sowing on the early vigor, grain yield and quality of maize. European Journal of Agronomy, 137, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2022.126509
Borges-Gómez, L., Moo-Kauil, C., Ruíz-Novelo, J., Osalde-Balam, M., González-Valencia, C., Yam-Chimal, C., & Can-Puc, F. (2014). Suelos destinados a la producción de chile habanero en Yucatán: Características físicas y químicas predominantes. Agrociencia, 48(4), 347–359.
Castellanos, J. Z., Etchevers-Barra, J. D., Peña-Datoli, M., Huerta-Garcia, S., Ortiz-Monasterio, I., Arango-González, A., Macías-Cervantes, J., & Venegas-Villaroel, C. (2019). ¿Como crece y se nutre una planta de maíz? (1a ed.). Fertilab. ISBN: 09786079851705
Chiquito-Contreras, R. G., Murillo-Amador, B., Chiquito-Contreras, C. J., Márquez-Martínez, J. C., Córdoba-Matson, M. v., & Hernández-Montiel, L. G. (2017). Effect of Pseudomonas putida and inorganic fertilizer on growth and productivity of habanero pepper (Capsicum Chinense Jacq.) in greenhouse. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 40(18), 2595–2601. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2017.1381119
de Ávila-Silva, L., Condori-Apfata, J. A., Marques-Marcelino, M., Azevedo-Tavares, A. C., Raimundi, S. C. J., Martino, P. B., Araújo, W. L., Zsögön, A., Sulpice, R., & Nunes-Nesi, A. (2019). Nitrogen differentially modulates photosynthesis, carbon allocation and yield related traits in two contrasting Capsicum chinense cultivars. Plant Science, 283, 224–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.02.014
Fabela-Morón, M. F., Cuevas-Bernardino, J. C., Ayora-Talavera, T., & Pacheco, N. (2020). Trends in capsaicinoids extraction from habanero chili pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.): Recent advanced techniques. Food Reviews International, 36(2), 105–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2019.1630635
Gouda, S., Kerry, R. G., Das, G., Paramithiotis, S., Shin, H. S., & Patra, J. K. (2018). Revitalization of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria for sustainable development in agriculture. Microbiological Research, 206, 131–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2017.08.016
Janke, C. K., Moody, P., & Bell, M. J. (2020). Three-dimensional dynamics of nitrogen from banded enhanced efficiency fertilizers. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 118(3), 227–247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-020-10095-5
Javier-López, L., Palacios-Torres, R. E., Ramírez-Seañez, A. R., Hernández-Hernández, H., Antonio-Luis, M. del C., Yam-Tzec, J. A., & Chaires-Grijalva, M. P. (2022). Producción de chile habanero (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) en lombricomposta con fertilización orgánica. Ecosistemas y Recursos Agropecuarios, 9(3), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.19136/era.a9n3.3348
Lemaire, G., Tang, L., Bélanger, G., Zhu, Y., & Jeuffroy, M. H. (2021). Forward new paradigms for crop mineral nutrition and fertilization towards sustainable agriculture. European Journal of Agronomy, 125, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2021.126248
López-Gómez, J. D., Villegas-Torres, O. G., Sotelo, N. H., Andrade, R. M., Juárez, L. P., & Martínez, F. E. (2017). Rendimiento y calidad del chile habanero (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) por efecto del régimen nutrimental. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas, 8(8), 1747–1758. https://doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v8i8.699
López-López, H., Ruiz-Lau, N., Meza-Gordillo, R., Ruiz-Valdiviezo, V. M., Robledo-Luchetti, J. G., Lecona-Guzmán, C. A., Villalobos-Maldonado, J. J., Dendooven, L., & Montes-Molina, J. A. (2023). Antifungal potential of Beauveria bassiana on Solanum lycopersicum L. infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, 92(4), 1235–1255. https://doi.org/10.32604/phyton.2023.025716
Medina-Lara, F., Echevarría-Machado, I., Pacheco-Arjona, R., Ruiz-Lau, N., Guzmán n-Antonio, A., & Martínez-Estevez, M. (2008). Influence of nitrogen and potassium fertilization on fruiting and capsaicin content in habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.). Hortscience, 43(5), 1549–1554. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.43.5.1549
Meneses-Lazo, R., Garruña, R., Echevarría-Machado, I., Alvarado-López, C., Villanueva-Couoh, E., García-Maldonado, J. Q., & Cristóbal-Alejo, J. (2020). Growth, chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange of pepper (Capsicum chinense jacq.) plants in response to uptake and partitioning of nutrients. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 80(4), 585–597. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-58392020000400585
Menezes, R. de P., Bessa, M. A. de S., Siqueira, C. de P., Teixeira, S. C., Ferro, E. A. V., Martins, M. M., Cunha, L. C. S., & Martins, C. H. G. (2022). Antimicrobial, antivirulence, and antiparasitic potential of Capsicum chinense Jacq. xxtracts and their isolated compound capsaicin. Antibiotics, 11(9), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11091154
Moctezuma-Bautista, K., Ortiz-García, C. F., Palma-López, D. J., Cerón-Hernández, L. A., Fernández-Pavía, S. P., Rodríguez-Alvarado, G., & Landero-Valenzuela, N. (2021). Etiology of habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense) wilt in Tabasco, México. Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología, Mexican Journal of Phytopathology, 39(3), 503–514. https://doi.org/10.18781/r.mex.fit.2103-5
Morales, P., Cordón, L., Girón, J., & Morales, S. (2019). La Fertilización al Suelo y Foliar. Cedicafé.https://www.anacafe.org/uploads/file/bb1e602c37b148df897c61a5f1ba9682/Boletin-CEDICAFE-Mayo-2019-.pdf
Moreno-Salazar, R., Sánchez-García, I., Chan-Cupul, W., Ruiz-Sánchez, E., Hernández-Ortega, H. A., Pineda-Lucatero, J., & Figueroa-Chávez, D. (2020). Plant growth, foliar nutritional content and fruit yield of Capsicum chinense biofertilized with Purpureocillium lilacinum under greenhouse conditions. Scientia Horticulturae, 261, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108950
Oboh, G., Puntel, R. L., & Rocha, J. B. T. (2007). Hot pepper (Capsicum annuum, Tepin and Capsicum chinese, Habanero) prevents Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation in brain–in vitro. Food Chemistry, 102(1), 178–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2006.05.048
Palma-Orozco, G., Orozco-Álvarez, C., Chávez-Villeda, A. A., Mixtega-Martínez, A., & Castro-Muñoz, R. (2021). Capsaicin content in red habanero chilli (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) and its preservation after drying process. Future Foods, 4, 100070. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FUFO.2021.100070
Pampuro, N., Tebaldo, V., Fabbri, D., Calza, P., Faga, M. G., & Cavallo, E. (2017). Effect of organic fertilization on capsaicin content in Trinidad Scorpion (Capsicum Chinese) peppers: Preliminary results. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 58, 253–258. https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1758043
Reid, T. E., Kavamura, V. N., Abadie, M., Torres-Ballesteros, A., Pawlett, M., Clark, I. M., Harris, J., & Mauchline, T. H. (2021). Inorganic chemical fertilizer application to wheat reduces the abundance of putative plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.642587
Romero-Viacava, M., & Tenorio-Bautista, S. M. (2023). Evaluation of different substrates in the cultivation of two varieties of Capsicum chinense Jacq. "chile habanero" Mexican chili, in a controlled environment. Journal of the Selva Andina Biosphere, 11(1), 33–46. https://doi.org/10.36610/j.jsab.2023.110100030
Seleiman, M. F., Almutairi, K. F., Alotaibi, M., Shami, A., Alhammad, B. A., & Battaglia, M. L. (2021). Nano-fertilization as an emerging fertilization technique: ¿Why can modern agriculture benefit from its use? Plants, 10(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010002
Su, W., Liu, B., Liu, X., Li, X., Ren, T., Cong, R., & Lu, J. (2015). Effect of depth of fertilizer banded-placement on growth, nutrient uptake and yield of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). European Journal of Agronomy, 62, 38–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2014.09.002
Tucuch-Haas, C. J., Angulo-Castro, A., & Tucuch-Haas, J. I. (2021). Production and quality of habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) with chemical and organic fertilization. Agro Productividad, 14(1), 63–68. https://doi.org/10.32854/agrop.v14i14.1777
Valdovinos-Nava, W., Chan-Cupul, W., Hernández-Ortega, H. A., & Ruíz-Sánchez, E. (2020). Effects of biological and mineral fertilization on the growth, nutrition, and yield of Capsicum chinense under greenhouse conditions. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 43(15), 2286–2298. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2020.1771586
Zamljen, T., Zupanc, V., & Slatnar, A. (2020). Influence of irrigation on yield and primary and secondary metabolites in two chilies species, Capsicum annuum L. and Capsicum chinense Jacq. Agricultural Water Management, 234, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106104
Zhang, J., Lv, J., Dawuda, M. M., Xie, J., Yu, J., Li, J., Zhang, X., Tang, C., Wang, C., & Gan, Y. (2019). Appropriate ammonium-nitrate ratio improves nutrient cccumulation and fruit quality in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Agronomy, 9(11), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9110683
Ashitha, A., Rakhimol, K. R., & Mathew, J. (2021). Fate of the conventional fertilizers in environment. En F. B. Lewu, T. Volova, S. Tomas, & K. R. Rakhimol (Eds.), Controlled Release Fertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture (pp. 25–39). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819555-0.00002-9
Barik, S., Ponnam, N., C. Reddy, A., Lakshmana, L. R., Saha, K., Acharya, G. C., & Madhavi Reddy, K. (2022). Breeding peppers for industrial uses: Progress and prospects. Industrial Crops and Products, 178, 114626. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INDCROP.2022.114626
Blandino, M., Battisti, M., Vanara, F., & Reyneri, A. (2022). The synergistic effect of nitrogen and phosphorus starter fertilization sub-surface banded at sowing on the early vigor, grain yield and quality of maize. European Journal of Agronomy, 137, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2022.126509
Borges-Gómez, L., Moo-Kauil, C., Ruíz-Novelo, J., Osalde-Balam, M., González-Valencia, C., Yam-Chimal, C., & Can-Puc, F. (2014). Suelos destinados a la producción de chile habanero en Yucatán: Características físicas y químicas predominantes. Agrociencia, 48(4), 347–359.
Castellanos, J. Z., Etchevers-Barra, J. D., Peña-Datoli, M., Huerta-Garcia, S., Ortiz-Monasterio, I., Arango-González, A., Macías-Cervantes, J., & Venegas-Villaroel, C. (2019). ¿Como crece y se nutre una planta de maíz? (1a ed.). Fertilab. ISBN: 09786079851705
Chiquito-Contreras, R. G., Murillo-Amador, B., Chiquito-Contreras, C. J., Márquez-Martínez, J. C., Córdoba-Matson, M. v., & Hernández-Montiel, L. G. (2017). Effect of Pseudomonas putida and inorganic fertilizer on growth and productivity of habanero pepper (Capsicum Chinense Jacq.) in greenhouse. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 40(18), 2595–2601. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2017.1381119
de Ávila-Silva, L., Condori-Apfata, J. A., Marques-Marcelino, M., Azevedo-Tavares, A. C., Raimundi, S. C. J., Martino, P. B., Araújo, W. L., Zsögön, A., Sulpice, R., & Nunes-Nesi, A. (2019). Nitrogen differentially modulates photosynthesis, carbon allocation and yield related traits in two contrasting Capsicum chinense cultivars. Plant Science, 283, 224–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.02.014
Fabela-Morón, M. F., Cuevas-Bernardino, J. C., Ayora-Talavera, T., & Pacheco, N. (2020). Trends in capsaicinoids extraction from habanero chili pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.): Recent advanced techniques. Food Reviews International, 36(2), 105–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2019.1630635
Gouda, S., Kerry, R. G., Das, G., Paramithiotis, S., Shin, H. S., & Patra, J. K. (2018). Revitalization of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria for sustainable development in agriculture. Microbiological Research, 206, 131–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2017.08.016
Janke, C. K., Moody, P., & Bell, M. J. (2020). Three-dimensional dynamics of nitrogen from banded enhanced efficiency fertilizers. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 118(3), 227–247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-020-10095-5
Javier-López, L., Palacios-Torres, R. E., Ramírez-Seañez, A. R., Hernández-Hernández, H., Antonio-Luis, M. del C., Yam-Tzec, J. A., & Chaires-Grijalva, M. P. (2022). Producción de chile habanero (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) en lombricomposta con fertilización orgánica. Ecosistemas y Recursos Agropecuarios, 9(3), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.19136/era.a9n3.3348
Lemaire, G., Tang, L., Bélanger, G., Zhu, Y., & Jeuffroy, M. H. (2021). Forward new paradigms for crop mineral nutrition and fertilization towards sustainable agriculture. European Journal of Agronomy, 125, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2021.126248
López-Gómez, J. D., Villegas-Torres, O. G., Sotelo, N. H., Andrade, R. M., Juárez, L. P., & Martínez, F. E. (2017). Rendimiento y calidad del chile habanero (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) por efecto del régimen nutrimental. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas, 8(8), 1747–1758. https://doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v8i8.699
López-López, H., Ruiz-Lau, N., Meza-Gordillo, R., Ruiz-Valdiviezo, V. M., Robledo-Luchetti, J. G., Lecona-Guzmán, C. A., Villalobos-Maldonado, J. J., Dendooven, L., & Montes-Molina, J. A. (2023). Antifungal potential of Beauveria bassiana on Solanum lycopersicum L. infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, 92(4), 1235–1255. https://doi.org/10.32604/phyton.2023.025716
Medina-Lara, F., Echevarría-Machado, I., Pacheco-Arjona, R., Ruiz-Lau, N., Guzmán n-Antonio, A., & Martínez-Estevez, M. (2008). Influence of nitrogen and potassium fertilization on fruiting and capsaicin content in habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.). Hortscience, 43(5), 1549–1554. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.43.5.1549
Meneses-Lazo, R., Garruña, R., Echevarría-Machado, I., Alvarado-López, C., Villanueva-Couoh, E., García-Maldonado, J. Q., & Cristóbal-Alejo, J. (2020). Growth, chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange of pepper (Capsicum chinense jacq.) plants in response to uptake and partitioning of nutrients. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 80(4), 585–597. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-58392020000400585
Menezes, R. de P., Bessa, M. A. de S., Siqueira, C. de P., Teixeira, S. C., Ferro, E. A. V., Martins, M. M., Cunha, L. C. S., & Martins, C. H. G. (2022). Antimicrobial, antivirulence, and antiparasitic potential of Capsicum chinense Jacq. xxtracts and their isolated compound capsaicin. Antibiotics, 11(9), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11091154
Moctezuma-Bautista, K., Ortiz-García, C. F., Palma-López, D. J., Cerón-Hernández, L. A., Fernández-Pavía, S. P., Rodríguez-Alvarado, G., & Landero-Valenzuela, N. (2021). Etiology of habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense) wilt in Tabasco, México. Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología, Mexican Journal of Phytopathology, 39(3), 503–514. https://doi.org/10.18781/r.mex.fit.2103-5
Morales, P., Cordón, L., Girón, J., & Morales, S. (2019). La Fertilización al Suelo y Foliar. Cedicafé.https://www.anacafe.org/uploads/file/bb1e602c37b148df897c61a5f1ba9682/Boletin-CEDICAFE-Mayo-2019-.pdf
Moreno-Salazar, R., Sánchez-García, I., Chan-Cupul, W., Ruiz-Sánchez, E., Hernández-Ortega, H. A., Pineda-Lucatero, J., & Figueroa-Chávez, D. (2020). Plant growth, foliar nutritional content and fruit yield of Capsicum chinense biofertilized with Purpureocillium lilacinum under greenhouse conditions. Scientia Horticulturae, 261, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108950
Oboh, G., Puntel, R. L., & Rocha, J. B. T. (2007). Hot pepper (Capsicum annuum, Tepin and Capsicum chinese, Habanero) prevents Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation in brain–in vitro. Food Chemistry, 102(1), 178–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2006.05.048
Palma-Orozco, G., Orozco-Álvarez, C., Chávez-Villeda, A. A., Mixtega-Martínez, A., & Castro-Muñoz, R. (2021). Capsaicin content in red habanero chilli (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) and its preservation after drying process. Future Foods, 4, 100070. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FUFO.2021.100070
Pampuro, N., Tebaldo, V., Fabbri, D., Calza, P., Faga, M. G., & Cavallo, E. (2017). Effect of organic fertilization on capsaicin content in Trinidad Scorpion (Capsicum Chinese) peppers: Preliminary results. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 58, 253–258. https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1758043
Reid, T. E., Kavamura, V. N., Abadie, M., Torres-Ballesteros, A., Pawlett, M., Clark, I. M., Harris, J., & Mauchline, T. H. (2021). Inorganic chemical fertilizer application to wheat reduces the abundance of putative plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.642587
Romero-Viacava, M., & Tenorio-Bautista, S. M. (2023). Evaluation of different substrates in the cultivation of two varieties of Capsicum chinense Jacq. "chile habanero" Mexican chili, in a controlled environment. Journal of the Selva Andina Biosphere, 11(1), 33–46. https://doi.org/10.36610/j.jsab.2023.110100030
Seleiman, M. F., Almutairi, K. F., Alotaibi, M., Shami, A., Alhammad, B. A., & Battaglia, M. L. (2021). Nano-fertilization as an emerging fertilization technique: ¿Why can modern agriculture benefit from its use? Plants, 10(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010002
Su, W., Liu, B., Liu, X., Li, X., Ren, T., Cong, R., & Lu, J. (2015). Effect of depth of fertilizer banded-placement on growth, nutrient uptake and yield of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). European Journal of Agronomy, 62, 38–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2014.09.002
Tucuch-Haas, C. J., Angulo-Castro, A., & Tucuch-Haas, J. I. (2021). Production and quality of habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) with chemical and organic fertilization. Agro Productividad, 14(1), 63–68. https://doi.org/10.32854/agrop.v14i14.1777
Valdovinos-Nava, W., Chan-Cupul, W., Hernández-Ortega, H. A., & Ruíz-Sánchez, E. (2020). Effects of biological and mineral fertilization on the growth, nutrition, and yield of Capsicum chinense under greenhouse conditions. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 43(15), 2286–2298. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2020.1771586
Zamljen, T., Zupanc, V., & Slatnar, A. (2020). Influence of irrigation on yield and primary and secondary metabolites in two chilies species, Capsicum annuum L. and Capsicum chinense Jacq. Agricultural Water Management, 234, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106104
Zhang, J., Lv, J., Dawuda, M. M., Xie, J., Yu, J., Li, J., Zhang, X., Tang, C., Wang, C., & Gan, Y. (2019). Appropriate ammonium-nitrate ratio improves nutrient cccumulation and fruit quality in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Agronomy, 9(11), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9110683