Calidad microbiológica de aguas costeras en climas tropicales
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Resumen
Se llevó a cabo una actualización en las normativas de las aguas costeras con fines recreativos con la problemática actual con relación a las aguas en climas tropicales. Se establece una discusión de los indicadores microbiológicos utilizados en estas aguas y de las enfermedades transmitidas más frecuentemente asociadas, además de destacar las diferencias de ecosistemas acuáticos y el comportamiento de algunos microorganismos en climas tropicales.
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González GonzálezM. I., Torres RojasT., & Chiroles RubalcabaS. (2003). Calidad microbiológica de aguas costeras en climas tropicales. Cub@: Medio Ambiente Y Desarrollo, 3(4). Recuperado a partir de https://cmad.ama.cu/index.php/cmad/article/view/40
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Ashbolt NJ, Grabow, WOK, Snozzi M. 2001. Guidelines: the current position. En: Water Quality: guidelines, Standards and Health. Assessment of risk and risk management for water-related infectious diseases. Fewtrell L, Bartram J (eds.) IWA-Publishing, London UK, pp. 440.
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Barbieri E, Falzano L, Forentini C, Pianetti A, Baffone W, Fabbri A, Matarrese, P, Casiere A, Katouli M, Kuhn I, Molby R Bruscolini F, Donelli G. 1999. Ocurrence, diversity, and pathogenicity of halophilic Vibrio spp. and non-O1 Vibrio cholerae from estuarine waters along the Italian Adriatic Coast. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:2748-2753.
Borrego JJ, Mariño FJ. 1995. Estudio epidemiológico de zonas de baño de la Provincia de Málaga. Sevilla:Junta de Andalucía, Consejería Salud, pp.1-217.
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Figueras MJ, Polo FL, Inza I, Guarro J. 1994. Situación actual y perspectivas de la normativa legal sobre el control microbiológico del agua de baño. Técnicas de Laboratorio 189:86-93.
González MI, Torres T, Nolasco T. 1996. Bacterias enteropatógenas e indicadores de contaminación en aguas recreativas para campismo. En: Serie Salud Ambiental No 4. Cuba: ECIMED, pp.127-135.
Havelaar A, Blumenthal UJ, Strauss M, Kay D, Bartram J. 2001. Guidelines: the current position. En: Water Quality: guidelines, Standards and Health. Assessment of risk and risk management for water-related infectious diseases. Fewtrell L, Bartram J (eds.) IWA-Publishing, London UK, pp. 440.
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Hlady WG, Klontz KC.1996. The epidemiology of Vibrio infections in Florida, 1981-1993. J Infect Dis 173:1176-1183.
Huq A, Hasan JAK, Losonsky G, Diomin V, Colwell RR. 1994. Colonization of professional divers by toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 and Vibrio cholerae non O1 at dive sites in the United States, Ukraine and Russia. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 120:137-142.
Kay D, FleisherJM, Salmon RL, Jones F, Wyer MD, Godfree AF, Zelenauch-Jácquotte Z, Shore R. 1994. Predicting likelihood of gastroenteritis from sea bathing: results from randomized exposure. Lancet 344:905-909.
Koh EGL, Huyn JH, La Roux PA. 1994. Pertinence of indicator organism and sampling variables to Vibrio concentrations. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:3897-3900.
Pérez-Rosas N, Hazen TC. 1988. In situ survival of Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli in tropical coral reefs. Appl Environ Microbiol, 54:1-9.
Pruss A. 1998. Review of epidemiological studies on health effects from exposure to recreational water. Int Epidemiol Assoc, 27:1-9.
Roszak DB, Colwell RR. 1987. Survival strategies of bacteria in the natural environment. Microbiol Rev , 51:365-379.
Salas H. 1997. Historia y aplicación de normas microbiológicas de calidad de agua en el medio marino. OPS/CEPIS/PUB/97.30.
United Nations Environment Protection (UNEP). 1993. Report on the Second CEPPOL Seminar on Monitoring and Control of Sanitary Quality of Bathing and Shellfish-Growing Marine Waters in the Wider Caribbean. Kingston. Jamaica. August 1993:9-13.
US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Ambient water quality criteria for bacteria. EPA 440/5-84-002. Washington.
World Health Organization (WHO). 2000. Monitoring Bathing Waters. A practical guide to the design and implementation of assessments and monitoring programmes (CEC-EPA-WHO), 350p.
Ashbolt NJ, Grabow, WOK, Snozzi M. 2001. Guidelines: the current position. En: Water Quality: guidelines, Standards and Health. Assessment of risk and risk management for water-related infectious diseases. Fewtrell L, Bartram J (eds.) IWA-Publishing, London UK, pp. 440.
Bandaranayake DR, Turner SJ, McBride GB, Lewis GD, Till DG. 1995. Health effects of bathing at selected New Zealand marine beaches. New Zealand.
Barbieri E, Falzano L, Forentini C, Pianetti A, Baffone W, Fabbri A, Matarrese, P, Casiere A, Katouli M, Kuhn I, Molby R Bruscolini F, Donelli G. 1999. Ocurrence, diversity, and pathogenicity of halophilic Vibrio spp. and non-O1 Vibrio cholerae from estuarine waters along the Italian Adriatic Coast. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:2748-2753.
Borrego JJ, Mariño FJ. 1995. Estudio epidemiológico de zonas de baño de la Provincia de Málaga. Sevilla:Junta de Andalucía, Consejería Salud, pp.1-217.
Cabelli VJ. 1983. Health effects criteria for marine recreational waters. US Environmental Protection Agency. EPA 600/1-80-01. Cincinnati, 98 pp.
European Economic Committee (EEC).1976. Council Directive concerning the quality of bathing waters (76/160/ECC). Brussels.
European Economic Committee (EEC).1994. Proposal for a Council Directive concerning the quality of bathing waters (94/C112/03). Brussels.
Figueras MJ, Polo FL, Inza I, Guarro J. 1994. Situación actual y perspectivas de la normativa legal sobre el control microbiológico del agua de baño. Técnicas de Laboratorio 189:86-93.
González MI, Torres T, Nolasco T. 1996. Bacterias enteropatógenas e indicadores de contaminación en aguas recreativas para campismo. En: Serie Salud Ambiental No 4. Cuba: ECIMED, pp.127-135.
Havelaar A, Blumenthal UJ, Strauss M, Kay D, Bartram J. 2001. Guidelines: the current position. En: Water Quality: guidelines, Standards and Health. Assessment of risk and risk management for water-related infectious diseases. Fewtrell L, Bartram J (eds.) IWA-Publishing, London UK, pp. 440.
Hazen TC, Toranzos GA. 1990. Tropical Source Water. En: Drinking Water Microbiology. McFeters GA (eds.) New York:, Springer-Verlag, pp.33-53.
Hlady WG, Klontz KC.1996. The epidemiology of Vibrio infections in Florida, 1981-1993. J Infect Dis 173:1176-1183.
Huq A, Hasan JAK, Losonsky G, Diomin V, Colwell RR. 1994. Colonization of professional divers by toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 and Vibrio cholerae non O1 at dive sites in the United States, Ukraine and Russia. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 120:137-142.
Kay D, FleisherJM, Salmon RL, Jones F, Wyer MD, Godfree AF, Zelenauch-Jácquotte Z, Shore R. 1994. Predicting likelihood of gastroenteritis from sea bathing: results from randomized exposure. Lancet 344:905-909.
Koh EGL, Huyn JH, La Roux PA. 1994. Pertinence of indicator organism and sampling variables to Vibrio concentrations. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:3897-3900.
Pérez-Rosas N, Hazen TC. 1988. In situ survival of Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli in tropical coral reefs. Appl Environ Microbiol, 54:1-9.
Pruss A. 1998. Review of epidemiological studies on health effects from exposure to recreational water. Int Epidemiol Assoc, 27:1-9.
Roszak DB, Colwell RR. 1987. Survival strategies of bacteria in the natural environment. Microbiol Rev , 51:365-379.
Salas H. 1997. Historia y aplicación de normas microbiológicas de calidad de agua en el medio marino. OPS/CEPIS/PUB/97.30.
United Nations Environment Protection (UNEP). 1993. Report on the Second CEPPOL Seminar on Monitoring and Control of Sanitary Quality of Bathing and Shellfish-Growing Marine Waters in the Wider Caribbean. Kingston. Jamaica. August 1993:9-13.
US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Ambient water quality criteria for bacteria. EPA 440/5-84-002. Washington.
World Health Organization (WHO). 2000. Monitoring Bathing Waters. A practical guide to the design and implementation of assessments and monitoring programmes (CEC-EPA-WHO), 350p.